Sports Exercise Science – Page 5

Sports Fantasy Camps: Offering Fans a More Immersive Experience

Mark Mitchell, Dustin Thorn, and Donald Rockey

ABSTRACT
Today’s sport organizations have multiple ways of connecting with their fans, including social media, fantasy leagues, facility tours, and others. Many are developing Sports Fantasy Camps to allow fans an opportunity to fulfill their sports dreams. Here, for example, a Duke University basketball fan experiences a behind-the-scenes look at the basketball program including the opportunity to play actual games in Cameron Indoor Stadium. Fans benefit from the social interaction, networking and dream fulfillment of such experiences. Conversely, sport organizations are able to create a tighter bond with both fans and supporters while generating additional revenues by providing such immersive experiences. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of Sports Fantasy Camps as a form of Sports Experience Tourism. Current practices among camp providers are discussed, the benefits for both participants and provides are offered, and the opportunities for growth (such as new markets served, new programs, and new formats) as provided as are the relevant NCAA limitations to ensure collegiate programs offering such fan experiences remain in compliance with NCAA regulations.

Introduction

In June 2012, Americans celebrated Father’s Day. In addition to the usual Father’s Day gifts (such as clothing, tools, or children’s art work), dads were treated to more experience-driven gifts. The National Retail Federation’s annual Father’s Day Survey found that 44% of consumers had planned a special outing for Dad, including special dinners, a ball game, or possibly a sports fantasy camp (13). Consistent with this trend, the Myrtle Beach Pelicans (the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Texas Rangers) offered their fourth annual Father’s Day Baseball Fantasy Camp for Dads. Here is how it was described in a press release for the event (22):

MYRTLE BEACH, SC – Are you a dad? Have you ever wanted to feel the heat of a fastball and euphoria of a homerun? This Father’s Day is your chance! The Myrtle Beach Pelicans are hosting a Father’s Day Fantasy Camp on June 17th at TicketReturn.com Field at Pelicans Ballpark.

The Fantasy Camp will give all fathers the chance to play a round robin tournament on the same field as the Pelicans.
Participants will be divided into teams, coached by Pelicans players, and will play against each other at 9AM on Father’s Day. Registration begins at 8:15.
Participants will receive an official Pelicans New Era hat, official Pelicans batting practice pullover, an opportunity to hit in the batting cages at TicketReturn.com Field at Pelicans Ballpark, four field box tickets for that night’s game against Potomac at 6:05pm.

The clinic also includes free lunch for all participants. The Father’s Day Fantasy Camp is just $125 per person.

In September 2012, University of Kentucky (UK) men’s basketball coach John Calipari will host his first “John Calipari Basketball Experience” at Rupp Arena in Lexington, KY (25). Participants will pay $7,500 for a 4-day immersion with the defending men’s NCAA National Champion UK basketball program. Participants will receive the following benefits:

Experience a weekend in the life of a UK basketball player
Enjoy unprecedented access to Coach Cal and the inner workings of UK basketball
Play in historic Lexington Center’s Rupp Arena – Get introduced and enter the court with the fanfare of a UK player
Compete in championships games, tournaments, and contests
Attend private social functions
Receive exclusive swag bag of NIKE branded UK apparel and gear
Hotel accommodations for three nights (single occupancy)
Ground transportation to all events
All meals
8 tickets to the Ultimate Basketball Fantasy Champion game with the UK Alumni Basketball Game in Lexington Center’s Rupp Arena to follow The UK Alumni game

Proceeds from the event will go to the Calipari Family Foundation (making part of the enrollment fee tax deductible for participants). The University of Kentucky and Coach Calipari are following the lead of other successful NCAA basketball coaches who have developed Sports Fantasy Camps, including Duke University (Mike Krzyzewski’s K Academy), Syracuse University (Jim Boeheim SU Basketball Fantasy Camp), University of Kansas (Bill Self Basketball Experience), Indiana University (Tom Crean and the IU Basketball Family Fantasy Weekend), and others.

The purpose of this manuscript is to examine the growing presence of (and concurrent fan interest in) Sports Fantasy Camps. First, an overview of this form of Sports Experience Tourism is provided. Second, the benefits of these fantasy camps to participants, the providers, and other stakeholders are explored. Third, areas of growth for Sports Fantasy Camps are discussed.

Overview of Sports Experience Tourism

Today’s sports fans have a variety of ways to interact with their favorite teams and sports. They can follow their favorite athletes and coaches on social media such as Twitter and Facebook. They can subscribe to relevant news feeds on their smart phones. They can compete in online fantasy sports leagues. They can watch and/or listen to their teams on local television or radio. Yet, some fans seek a more direct and personal interaction and connection with their favorite teams and athletes. The Sport Journal previously provided an overview of “Consumer Experience Tourism” in sport-related industries (20). In that piece, the authors highlighted tourism opportunities centered on company plant tours, visitor centers, and museums in sport-related firms. Since the time of that writing, there has been a dramatic increase in more immersive fan experiences to now include stadium tours, fan fantasy camps, video games (e.g., Tiger Woods Golf, Major League Baseball, NCAA football), equipment trials, online fantasy sports leagues, and other highly interactive and personalized experiences.

It is suggested here that the term “Sports Experience Tourism” best captures this growing form of Sports Tourism and fan “connectedness” to their favorite teams, athletes, sporting venues, equipment providers, and other related parties. For example, a baseball fan can tour the Louisville Slugger factory (and take batting practice) in Louisville, KY, take a tour of the Great American Ballpark (Scotts Field) in nearby Cincinnati, OH, and, coming full circle, head to Spring Training for a Fantasy Baseball Camp with the Cincinnati Reds in Goodyear, AZ.

Public tours of sports stadiums, race tracks, and arenas have become very commonplace as fans wish to see the inner-workings of these venues. For instance, fans can tour the stadiums of all Major League Baseball teams. Some tour operators organize fan fantasy trips to allow fans to catch a series of games on consecutive days but in different cities. Diamond Baseball Tours offered the following itinerary for their “West Coast Swing 2012” package (7):

Wednesday (June 13), LA Angels @ LA Dodgers
Thursday (June 14), Houston @ San Francisco
Friday (June 15), San Diego @ Oakland
Saturday (June 16), Arizona @ LA Angels
Sunday (June 17), Tour LA and San Diego
Monday (June 18), Texas @ San Diego
Tuesday (June 19), Seattle @ Arizona
Wednesday (June 20), Grand Canyon National Park

In fact, there are websites and books dedicated to helping fans plan the most efficient route to catch a game in all stadiums in defined periods of time (see 2,26).
A number of venues have team or facility museums that tie together the history of the venue and franchise with a tour of the operation. For example, visitors to Yankee Stadium will visit the New York Yankees museum as well as Monument Park honoring Yankee greats of the past (23). Visitors to Churchill Downs in Louisville, KY can enjoy the Kentucky Derby Museum on the grounds in addition to their tour of the racing facility (5). Similarly, visitors to the Daytona Speedway will enjoy the World Center for Racing (6). Each of these sport organizations uses different elements of their brand to showcase a new experience for the consumer. The uniqueness of the facility, the nostalgia of history, and details of operations are all aspects not normally experienced through the purchase of regular admission to an event.

A Focus on Sports Fantasy Camps
While Sports Tourism is a multi-billion dollar business and one of the fastest growing areas of the $4.5 trillion global travel and tourism industry (33), little research has been conducted to examine the impact and participation rates of the various elements of Sport Tourism such as Sports Fantasy Camps. Since the first Sports Fantasy Camps were introduced in 1996, there has been tremendous growth in the number of programs available as well as the number of fans participating in them (12). Typically, fans are offered the opportunity to immerse themselves in a favorite sport with current or retired players and coaches and to do so (ideally) in the venue where they currently watch the team play. Holly Rowe (29), a reporter for ESPN, describes her entry to Basketball Fantasy Camp at the University of Kansas as follows:

“It gives me chills every time I turn on to Naismith Drive. You must travel this road in Lawrence, Kan., to reach one of basketball’s most storied gyms, Phog Allen Fieldhouse. I have covered many games here as reporter for ESPN. But today, I will be in a different role, assistant coach at the Bill Self Basketball Fantasy Camp.”

Ronca (28) describes Sports Fantasy Camps as “a cross between vacation and training camp. You’re paying for the privilege to spend a few days hanging out with your idols – mingling, meeting-and-greeting, learning more about the game and even playing alongside your hero.” Zullo (38) suggests the challenge for providers is to find the right balance between hospitality and reality. Heydari (14) notes that fantasy camps are neither the ease of summer camps nor the rigor of training camps.

An interesting aspect of the Sports Fantasy Camp experience is that fans can use the camps to, in fact, remove the “fantasy” aspect of the sport and become actual participants in games and organizations they enjoy and admire. These fans are able to both watch and participate in the experiences of players, coaches, and administrators of sport organizations, thus removing the mystic of the experience as viewed from the stands or television. Without Fantasy Camps, the fan’s perception of what players and managers experience is left to the imagination, speculation, or rumor (again, given their indirect participation). The Sports Fantasy camp experience gets the fan “out of the seats and onto the playing field” to become active participants. As such, the term “Sports Fantasy Camp” may be a misnomer as fans are shown the reality of sport rather than the fantasy of sport.

Sports Fantasy Camps are used by Sport organizations for a number of reasons, including: (a) creating more brand loyalty; (b) generating additional revenue; (c) getting involved in philanthropic ventures; (d) providing additional sponsorship opportunities; and (e) stimulating sport tourism in the local economy. Table One provides a list of example Sports Fantasy Camps from both Collegiate and Professional sports. Note, Table One is meant to be illustrative rather than exhaustive. All camps were active in 2012. Table Two provides the websites for all camps profiled in Table One.

Table One – Example Sports Fantasy Camps (active in 2012)

Sport	Provider	Brief Description	Cost
Basketball	Rick Barry Hoops Fantasy	3-day residential camp in Sonoma Valley Wine Country (Rohnert Park, CA) Coaching and competition Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided	$2,395
	Dwyane Wade	4-day residential camp in Miami, FL Coaching and competition provided Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided	12,500
	Mike Krzyzewski	5-day residential camp in Durham, NC (home of Duke University) Draft, training, and tournament competition in Cameron Indoor Stadium Leadership development Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided	$10,000 (includes a $4,000 tax deductible contribution)
	John Calipari	3-day residential camp in Lexington, KY (home to the University of Kentucky) Play in Lexington Center’s Rupp Arena … including player introductions Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$7,495 ($1,500 discount for Citi Card members)
Football	Pittsburgh Steelers	3-day residential camp in both Latrobe, PA (home of Summer Training Camp at Saint Vincent College) and Pittsburgh, PA Tour of Heinz Field in Pittsburgh on FRI, then camp in Latrobe for SAT and SUN. Skills Competitions Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided	$649
	Dabo Swinney (Clemson)	3-day residential camp in Clemson, SC (home to Clemson University) Skills competition and training Rub Howard’s Rock and Run down the hill into Death Valley stadium On-field All-in Bowl Game in Death Valley Stadium Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided	$2,000 ($1,400 tax deductible)
	Notre Dame	5-day residential camp in South Bend, IN (home to the University of Notre Dame) Skills competition and training On-field flag football game in Notre Dame Stadium Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided	$4,495

Source: Original. Information gathered from camp websites.

Table One continued …

Sport	Provider	Brief Description	Cost
	Auburn	2-day residential camp in Auburn, AL (home to Auburn University) Auburn Game Day experience in Jordan-Hare Stadium Includes lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$2,500
	Michigan State	2-day residential camp in Lansing, MI (home to Michigan State University) The non-contact practice sessions held in Spartan Stadium, including player introductions Camp-ending dinner with distinguished alumni and former players Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$1,350
	Michigan	2-day residential camp in Ann Arbor, MI (home to the University of Michigan) Scrimmage in Michigan Stadium Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$5,000 ($4,250 is tax deductible)
Baseball	Cincinnati Reds	8-day residential camp in Goodyear, AZ (Spring Training location) Competition among teams Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$4,500
	New York Yankees	6-day residential camp in Tampa, FL (Spring Training location) Games among teams Dream Games against former Yankee players Yankee Stadium Camp reunion the following summer (in New York) Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$4,950
	Boston Red Sox	9-day residential camp in Fort Myers, FL (Spring Training location) Games among teams on local fields Dream Games against former Red Sox players in Hammond Stadium (spring training stadium) Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$4,195
	Minnesota Twins	8-day residential camp in Fort Myers, FL (Spring Training location) Games among teams on local fields Games also played in Hammond Stadium (spring training stadium) Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$4,095

Source: Original. Information gathered from camp websites.

Table One continued …

Sport	Provider	Brief Description	Cost
Hockey	Wayne Gretzky	6-day residential camp in Las Vegas, NV Skills competitions and training for team who then compete in a championship tournament Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$11,999
Soccer	Sports Fantasy Camps featuring Brandi Chastain and others	5-day residential camp in Santa Clara, CA Coaching and drills from active and former professional players and coaches Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided.	$3,095
Tennis	John Newcombe	MEN: 6-day residential camp at the John Newcombe Tennis Ranch in New Braunfels, TX MEN-AND-WOMEN: 4-day residential camp at the John Newcombe Tennis Ranch in New Braunfels, TX Team practices with retired pro players Match play among participants AND against the pros Lodging, meals, and ground transportation provided	$4,745-$4,975 (Men’s Camp) 1,470 – $1,850 (Men-and-Women’s Camp)
Golf	Professional Golf Association	Single-day residential experience in Ponte Vedra, FL (home to the TPC Sawgrass Golf Course) VIP locker room privileges Personal professional caddie with name on bib First tee announcement and introduction One-evening’s lodging included	$1,385 – $1,525
NASCAR	Richard Petty Driving Experience	Programs offered at 23 different locations: Atlanta, GA; Madison, IL; Brooklyn, MI; Bristol, TN; Homestead- Miami, FL; New Loudon, NH; Fontana, CA; Indianapolis, IN; Orlando, FL; Charlotte, NC Newton, IA; Phoenix, AZ; Joliet, IL; Kansas City, MO; Fountain, CO; Darlington Raceway, SC; Sparta, KY; Richmond, VA; Daytona, FL; Las Vegas, NV; Fort Worth, TX; Monroe, WA; and Martinsville, VA. Single-day experience Drive and Ride programs both available Non-residential program (lodging and meals not provided)	$109 (ride) to $2,699 (full racing immersion)

Source: Original. Information gathered from camp websites.

Table One continued …

Sport	Provider	Brief Description	Cost
Motorsports	Mario Andretti Racing Experience	Programs offered at 11 different locations: Atlanta, GA; Fontana, CA; Charlotte, NC; Joliet, IL; Darlington, SC; Homestead-Miami, FL; Sparta, KY; Las Vegas, NV; Myrtle Beach, SC; Richmond, VA; and Fort Worth, TX. Single-day experience Both NASCAR (closed-wheel) and INDY (open-wheel) experiences available Drive and Ride programs both available Non-residential program (lodging and meals not provided)	$129 (ride) to $464 (drive)
Drag Racing	Frank Hawley	Programs provided at 7 different locations: Gainesville, FL; Las Vegas, NV; Indianapolis, IN; Baytown, TX; Norwalk, OH; Reading, PA; and Denver, CO Single-day and multi-day experiences provided. Drive and Ride programs both available Participants can earn their NHRA licenses which allows them to compete at NHRA tracks	Varies based on program
Rodeos	Sankey Rodeos	Programs provided at 10 different locations: Derby, KS; Van Wert, OH; Penrose, CO; Buhl, ID; Zolfo Springs, FL; New Caney, TX; Humansville, MO; Summerville, GA; Centerville, IA; Martin, TN 3-day and 4-day Rodeo School and instruction Non-residential program (lodging and meals not provided)	$410 (3-day) $435 (4-day)
Skiing	Phi & Steve Mahre	Multi-day non-residential program delivered in Deer Valley, UT. 3-day and 5-day options Coaching, training, and competition provided. Video analysis of skiing technique Evening social programs	$840 (3-day) $1,290 (5-day)
Soccer	LA Galaxy	Multi-day non-residential program delivered in Los Angeles, CA. Training, Coaching, and Competition Daily Meals Tickets to Galaxy Game(s)	$1,095 (Children’s camp) $1,500 (Parent’s Camp)

Table Two – Websites for Sports Fantasy Camps Profiled

Sport	Team or Provider	Website
Professional Basketball	Rick Barry Hoops Fantasy	http://nationalacademyofathletics.com/camps/basketball-fantasy
	Dwyane Wade	http://dwyanewadefantasycamp.com/#/home
College Basketball	Mike Krzyzewski	http://coachk.com/camps-and-clinics/k-academy/
	John Calipari	http://www.johncaliparibasketballexperience.com/
Professional Football	Pittsburgh Steelers	http://www.steelers.com/news/article-1/Fantasy-camp-fun-for-fans-former-players/72fbecb7-cb52-4f8a-a446-27dfc66fd620
College Football	Dabo Swinney (Clemson)	http://www.daboswinneyfootballcamp.com/Default.asp?ID=179
	Notre Dame	http://www.und.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/nd-fantasy-camp.html
	Auburn	http://www.auburnfootballcamps.com/fantasy-camp.cfm
	Michigan State	http://www.greenwhitefantasy.com/
	Michigan	http://www.uofmfootballexperience.org/
Professional Baseball	Cincinnati Reds	http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/cin/fan_forum/fantasy_camp.jsp
	New York Yankees	http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/fan_forum/fantasycamp.jsp
	Boston Red Sox	http://sportsfantasycamps.com/boston_red_sox_baseball.cfm
	Minnesota Twins	http://yuratwin.com/
Hockey	Wayne Gretzky	http://www.gretzky.com/fantasycamp/
Women’s Soccer	Brandi Chastain and others	http://sportsfantasycamps.com/Z%20Womens%20%20Soccer%20Flyer.pdf
Tennis	John Newcombe	http://www.tennisfantasies.net/
Golf	Professional Golf Association	http://www.touracademy.com/platinum.aspx
NASCAR	Richard Petty Driving Experience	http://www.drivepetty.com/
Motorsports	Mario Andretti Racing Experience	http://www.andrettiracing.com/MARE/
Drag Racing	Frank Hawley	http://www.frankhawley.com/
Rodeos	Sankey Rodeos	http://www.sankeyrodeo.com/
Skiing	Phil & Steve Mahre	http://www.mahretrainingcenter.com/
Soccer	Los Angeles Galaxy	http://www.lagalaxy.com/camps/fantasy#yfc

Source: Original (addresses active as of August 2012).

The camps listed in Table One typically combine lodging, meals, coaching, competition, social events, and other activities in a multi-day immersion. The prices for these camps can change annually based on the number of days, single- or double-occupancy of rooms, and demand based on recent success of the team and/or organization.
Prices also reflect the exclusivity of the fan experience. Many Sports Fantasy Camps are expensive in relation to other sports experiences (such as a single game ticket) and, therefore, appeal to a smaller segment of the overall consumer base. Exclusivity is also enhanced by purposefully limiting the number of participants in a camp so attendees get more personal attention. For example, the University of Michigan only accepted 116 participants for the 2012 Michigan Men’s Football Experience (19). This smaller number of fans creates a ‘private club’ feel where members are privy to the exclusive experience, knowledge or networking opportunities provided by the camp.
In addition to the camps outlined above, many active and retired players host individual one-day camps. These camps are usually provided for free and target children. Many use an umbrella organization such as ProCamps to organize and market their camps (27).

The Fantasy Camps highlighted in Table One are multi-day residential camps at fixed locations. Notre Dame Football campers, for example, want to run onto the turf in Notre Dame Stadium. They want to experience of slapping the ‘Play like a Champion Today” sign that has become part of Notre Dame tradition and lure as they’ve seen in the movie, “Rudy.” Kentucky Basketball fans want to run the court in Rupp Arena. The same can be said for Duke basketball fans and their desire to shoot a basketball in Cameron Indoor Stadium.

Single-day camps, such as the program offered by the Myrtle Beach Pelicans presented in the opening, represent a low-cost market entry strategy for a school, player, or coach interested in introducing Sports Fantasy Camps to their camp programs. The Charlotte Bobcats (and majority owner Michael Jordan) introduced a one-day fantasy camp for premium season ticket holders only (31). There are also ‘road-show’ fantasy camps where the camp is brought to participants. Rowdy Gaines, Olympic Champion and NBC Swimming broadcaster, travels the world providing swimming and stroke clinics for children and master swimmers alike (9).

Benefits for Stakeholders from Fan Fantasy Camps

The Fan Experience
In a sports-crazed culture such as the United States, it is not surprising sport fans would be interested in a Fantasy Camp experience. Hyman (15) notes that some people just never lose their sports dreams and Sports Fantasy Camps enable them to fulfill their dreams. Participation in Sports Fantasy Camps allows participants to build their skills, meet like-minded people, and/or get inspired from a personal hero (34). Imagine life-long fans of Wayne Gretzky or Cal Ripken getting the opportunity to interact personally with these sports icons. Fantasy camps also provide the opportunity to both relive and re-write the past (10). For instance, a person who aspired to play for a certain team but never achieved that goal can fulfill that dream in a fantasy camp.

Loyal supporters of a collegiate athletic program can further connect with their favorite teams, coaches, and universities by participating in their Fantasy Camps (38). Participants benefit from the sense of connection or fraternity that develops through the shared immersion experience (4,29,36). The connection with like-minded people (i.e., fans of the same University or professional sports team) provides a networking opportunity for business professionals as well (36).

The Team and Organizational Benefits
The providers of Sports Fantasy camps have a wonderful opportunity to promote and achieve goodwill among their fan base. By doing so, they are encouraging fans to become or remain brand loyal. This higher level of brand loyalty may lead to increased sales opportunities for the organization (8). For example, a partial season ticket holder may upgrade to a full season package. Or, a ticket holder may upgrade to a different type of ticket, such as box seats, floor level, or a suite (depending on the sport and stadium configuration). To reward fan loyalty, many sports camps provide discounts to alumni campers returning for another year.

Providing Fantasy Camp experiences can create fundraising opportunities for the school as well (8). For instance, a collegiate ticket holder may increase their level of athletic donation as a result of the increased connection they feel to the University as a result of their Fan Fantasy experience. For the 2012 Coach K Academy, $4,000 of the $10,000 participation fee represents a charitable contribution to Duke University (16). Dabo Swinney’s 2012 Fantasy Camp will raise money for Clemson’s Call Me MISTER (“Mentors Instructing Students toward Effective Role Models”) Program, an effort to increase the diversity of teachers working in the state’s elementary schools (32).

The Fantasy Camp itself may serve as a fundraiser for an organization outside the university or athletic department (36). All the proceeds of the John Calipari Basketball Experience will go to charity through the Calipari Family Foundation (25). Dabo Swinney directs a portion of each entry fee for his Ladies Clinic to Breast Cancer awareness and treatment (32,38). The Michigan Men’s Football Experience has raised for than $1 Million for the University of Michigan Health System’s Prostate Cancer Research Fund since its founding in 2006 by then-Coach Lloyd Carr. The 2012 camp raised over $355,000 of the cumulative $1 million total (19).

A team can strengthen its connection to important stakeholder partners by offering the Fan Fantasy camp experience as an incentive for employees to improve performance. In its promotional literature, the Rick Barry Hoops Fantasy Experience suggests companies offer their camp as a reward for high performing employees (such as a prize in a sales contest for sales people) (3). The ability for a sport organization to positively influence the revenue generation of another organization can be very impactful in establishing a long-term relationship between the two groups. These win-win relationships have the potential to becoming more impactful by transitioning into more financially-bound contracts such as sponsorships.

Opportunities for Growth

More Sport Organizations Providing Sports Fantasy Camps
The expectation is to see continued growth in fan immersion experiences in the years to come. Zullo (38), writing in Athletic Management (a trade publication reaching College and High School athletic administrators) notes that Fantasy Sports Camps should not be solely for marquis athletic programs. He encourages smaller colleges and even high schools to set up Fantasy Camps. Some high schools sponsor alumni sports games and alumni games between rival schools. In fact, Gatorade sponsors their Replay Series to support these types of reunion rivalries. 15,000 fans turned out to watch the cross-border showdown between Easton, PA and Phillipsburg, NJ as the two schools played a rematch of their 1993 rivalry game (11).

More Single-Day Programs
Most programs outlined here are multi-day experiences. As noted earlier, single-day camps represent a low-cost market entry strategy for schools looking to introduce Sports Fantasy Camps to their camp programs. The lower price-point allows such camps to appeal to a broader audience. As such, issues related to lodging, meals, and ground transportation are minimized as the school tests fan interest in these experiences.

More Immersive Experiences
Zullo (38) notes the challenge to balance reality with hospitality when delivering a Fan Fantasy Camp. Coaches need to adjust their approach and tempo to connect with this fan audience. Participants want time with coaches, the opportunity to put on a game-day uniform, the opportunity to make a grand announced entry into the arena, and other memorable moments not available to the casual fan. Further, given the desire to connect with die-hard fans who may participate every year, the Fantasy Camp experience may need to be expanded each year to provide a differential experience for camp alumni.

More Game Day Experiences
Along with more immersive experiences, it is likely that sport organizations will develop more game-day fantasy activities as well. While limiting the intrusion to game-day routines, Fantasy Campers want to enjoy a pre-game meal with their team, listen to the coach’s pre-game pep talk, possibly play in on-the-field or on-the-court scrimmages at halftime, or act as an invited coach to engage in in-game sideline activities. These experiences may be very easily developed at Universities using often lower-attended games such as non-conference games or games while students are away (i.e., mid-December basketball games, Labor Day football games, Spring Break baseball games, and others).

More For-Parents-of-Player Camps
Million Lacrosse Camps is hosting the first-ever Lacrosse Fantasy Camp in September 2012 in Baltimore, MD. This 3-day camp is targeted, among other groups, parents of youth lacrosse players who never played the game themselves. Promotional materials offer the camp as a great bonding experience for athlete and parent (18). This model may work for other sports, particularly those sports that have increased in participation and popularity in recent years (such as Volleyball, Soccer, and others).

More Diversity among Participants
The Sports Fantasy Camps outlined in this manuscript are largely targeting male fans. As such, is likely that the number of Sports Fantasy Camps targeting female consumers/fans will increase. Currently, the New York Yankees do offer a Women’s Mini-Fantasy camp that runs concurrently with a session of their men’s camp (3-day camp versus the 6-day men’s camp) (23). The John Newcombe Tennis experience offers separate Men’s-only (6-day) and Men’s-and-Women’s (4-day) tennis fantasy camps (24). The benefits of targeting the female consumer include expanding the current brand loyal fan base, reducing the cost to participants (particularly when a shared registration and lodging are included), connecting with more members of a brand loyal family, and providing a bond experience for a couple when male-female camps are run concurrently and/or combined.

Many universities run “Ladies Clinics” to teach female fans more about the games, teams, and programs (38). These events tend to be single-day and even partial-day experiences (such as an Evening gathering). Here is an overview of the Dabo Swinney Ladies Clinic held at Clemson University in July 2012:

Presentations by Coaches in the West End Zone facility including the Tiger weight room, locker room, team meeting room, and Death Valley.
Meet and Greet Photo w/ Coach Swinney.
Interaction with all the Tiger Football Coaches and families.
Shopping with Clemson Tiger vendors.
Lunch provided by Wendy’s.
Silent and Live Auction items.
Special Guest Speakers and Entertainment.

The day runs for 7 hours (9:00 AM – 4:00 PM) with a cost of $60 ($15 of which goes to breast cancer research) (32). In the future, such events may be expanded to include more physical experiences of playing the game (as the New York Yankees provide to female fans). Another option is the development of a separate event for the audience interested in more of an athletic-immersion into College football.

As noted earlier, participation in Sports Fantasy camps creates a great bonding and social experience for participants. Looking ahead, schools may elect to target defined groups for their camps rather than individuals. Such groups could include Father-Son, Father-Daughter, Mother-Son, and Mother-Daughter (38). The University of Evansville provides a 2-day Father-Son Fantasy Basketball camp (30). In their marketing literature, they describe the camp as a “great bonding experience.” This positioning (the bonding experience) can be used by others to provide a memorable camp experience for couples and groups.

Children’s Sports Fantasy Camps are commonly delivered but tend to be developed for the larger ‘revenue sports’ such as Football and Basketball. Baseball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, and other camps could allow an institution to connect with a broader group of its fans. The Los Angeles Galaxy offers both a Youth Fantasy Camp as well as an Adult Fantasy Camp experience (17).

Additional Considerations

Change in Plans for Providers
In recent years, some providers of Sports Fantasy Camps have discontinued their operations. Basketball great Michael Jordon previously welcomed interested fans to Las Vegas for his Michael Jordan’s Senior Flight School at a cost of $17,000 for a 4-day experience. Miami Heat Guard Dwyane Wade, a fellow Nike athlete, has filled that void left by Jordan’s departure (due to his duties with the NBA’s Charlotte Bobcats) to provide the Dwyane Wade Basketball Fantasy camp ($12,500 for a 4-day experience) (35). It is interesting to note that the Bobcats did introduce a single-day fan experience for premium ticket holders after Jordan joined their leadership and ownership team. Similarly, Bill Russell used to provide a fan fantasy camp in Las Vegas but it has discontinued operation.

Coaching changes can affect the availability of a university’s Football Fantasy program. Penn State University had provided its Penn State Football Fantasy camp for six years before suspending the camp for the 2012 year (assumedly given the NCAA sanctions, pending lawsuits, and the passing of legendary Coach Joe Paterno). It will be interesting to see if the new coaching staff elects to reintroduce this popular program in years to come. Similarly former coach Pete Carroll provided the USC Trojan Flashback Camp experience for fans of the University of Southern California. Later, his successor (Coach Lane Kiffin) briefly offered the program but it has since been discontinued (it has not been offered since 2010). The same dynamic occurred at the University of Oklahoma where Coach Jeff Capel’s dismissal led (assumedly) to the cancellation of the Fantasy Basketball Camp held at the University.

Ideally, fans are supportive of the Fantasy Camp experience and will not wane in their interest with coaching changes. However, teams and organizations must be aware of this possible dynamic. Zullo (38) notes that some coaches may wish to direct all profits away from the university. He encourages athletic administrators to contractually tie camp revenues to the athletic department (to make camp disruptions less likely when coaching changes occur.

Caution to Fans
Attending a Sports Fantasy Camp can be expensive. The camps profiled here tend to cost from $2,000 to $12,500 for a multi-day immersion experience. As noted earlier, spots are often limited so interested fans must act quickly to ensure their participation. The K Academy of Duke University accepts only 80 participants per year at a cost of $10,000 per participant in 2012. The same is true for Coach Calipari’s Basketball Experience at the University of Kentucky which cost $7,500 per participant in 2012.
As noted earlier, Sports Fantasy Camps offer participants more rigor than Summer Camps but less rigor than Training Camps. Injuries do occur (21). For example, attendees to Sankey Rodeo Schools do ride bulls and can be injured. The Andrews Institute (1) recommends participants should train for 12 weeks before attending such events. ESPN reporter Gene Wojciechowski participated in the Coach K Academy at Duke University in 2010. He describes his physical state at the end of camp below (37).

DURHAM, N.C. — My right knee is the color of Duke’s alternate road unis and puffier than a croissant. The back of my calf feels like it’s been thwacked with a car antenna. And you don’t even want to know about the goop under the nail of my smashed middle toe.

I’ve got more bruises than a week-old banana. The four on my left arm form a Hawaiian Islands-like chain of black and blue. The three on the right are bundled together like the Belt of Orion. Just for fun, there’s one on my left rib cage and another on my left hip.

Meanwhile, scabbing has commenced on the two semi-juicy strawberries on my left elbow and on the three below the knee. There’s a four-inch scratch mark near my right shoulder and my wedding band does a U-turn every time I try forcing it over the cotton ball-sized knuckle on my ring finger.

In short, I look like I went body-surfing on a gravel road. Forget about the Miracle On Ice; how about the miracle of ice? During a recent five-day span I spent more time with frozen cubes than a cocktail straw.

… And yet, here I am trying desperately to figure out a way to play in next year’s K Academy. That’s how ridiculously and torturously fun it was.
ConcluSIONS

The development of Sports Fantasy Camps can represent a win-win relationship for sports teams and their fans. Through their participation in such programs, fans get a behind-the-scenes look at their favorite teams and the facilities supporting the program. They are able to connect with like-minded sports fans while fulfilling their sports fantasies. These memorable experiences have a bonding effect on the participants. Further, fans often get the satisfaction of having helped raise money for a worthy charitable cause.

The teams providing such immersive Sports Fantasy Camp experiences are able to promote brand loyalty among their fans. Doing so may open up new sales and/or donation opportunities in the future. Athletic administrators are urged to consider the development (or expansion) of such programs in the future. In particular, they are advised to consider the addition of more immersive experiences where fans play the games or compete in drills rather than simply touring their facilities. The development of single-day fantasy camps is a cost-effective way for a team to ‘test drive’ the concept on their fans. Such new formats may attract new consumers given their lower costs to fans.
To date, with notable exceptions, Sports Fantasy Camps have largely targeted male fans. Teams are encouraged to look to other groups such as female fans, complete families, or parent-child pairing to expand the reach of their Fantasy Camp programs. Successful Sports Fantasy Camps must strike the balance between fan reality of competition and fan hospitality as guests of the program for the day or week. Satisfied buyers will likely become brand allies by encouraging others to attend in the future. These satisfied fans may be more likely to buy more, give more, tell others more often, and be willing to do similar camps in other sports. This connection represents the desired win-win by sport marketers and their fans.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
None

References

Andrews Institute (2012). Injuries at fantasy camps could ruin experience. Retrieved from http://www.theandrewsinstitute.com/News/InjuryPrevention/Article.aspx?id=800744323
Ball Park Chasers (2012). http://www.ballparkchasers.com/
Berry, Rick (2012), http://nationalacademyofathletics.com/camps/basketball-fantasy
Clark, H. (2006). Camps aren’t just for kids anymore: Adult camps let harried execs fulfill childhood dreams. MSNBC.com, June 9. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14270654/ns/travel-active_travel/t/camps-arent-just-kids-anymore/
Churchill Downs (2012). http://www.churchilldowns.com/
Daytona International Speedway (2012). http://www.daytonainternationalspeedway.com
Diamond Baseball Tours (2012). http://diamondbaseballtours.com/
Fullerton, S. (2007). Sports Marketing. McGraw-Hill/Irwin: Boston, MA.
Gaines, Rowdy (2012). http://www.rowdygaines.com/
Gammon, S. (2002). Fantasy, nostaglia and the pursuit of what never was. In S. Gammon and J. Kurtzman (Eds). Sport Tourism: Principles and Practice. Eastbourne: LSA Publications.
Gatorade Replay Program (2012). http://www.replaytheseries.com/
Gibson, H. & Fairley, S. (2011). Sport Tourism in Contemporary Sport Management 4th ed by Pederson, P., Parks, J., Quarterman, J., & Thibault, L. (Eds). 2011. Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL.
Hadley, M. (2012). Father’s day is becoming more personal: dad may be logging some quality family time instead of revving up a new power tool this Father’s Day. USA TODAY, June 12. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/story/2012-06-14/fathers-day-spending/55604270/1
Heydari, F. (2007). Fantasy sports camps. Travel + Leisure, November. Retrieved from http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/fantasy-sports-camps
Hyman, M. (2001). For big-league dreamers, big-league camps,” Businessweek, January 9. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/2001/01_09/b3721122.htm
K Academy (2012). http://kacademy.com/
L A Galaxy (2012). http://www.lagalaxy.com/camps/fantasy
Lacrosse Fantasy Camp (2012). http://www.lacrossefantasycamp.com/
Michigan Men’s Football Experience website (2012). http://uofmfootballexperience.umich.edu/
Mitchell, M, Montgomery, R., & Mitchell, S. (2004). Consumer experience tourism and brand bonding: a look at sport-related marketers. The Sport Journal, 7, Spring. Retrieved from www.thesportjournal.org.
Montvalo, D. (2011). 10 things fantasy camps won’t tell you. Smart Money, July. Retrieved from http://www.smartmoney.com/spend/travel/10-things-fantasy-camps-wont-tell-you-1309379812305/
Myrtle Beach Pelicans (2012). Retrieved from http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120518&content_id=31625912&vkey=news_t521&fext=.jsp&sid=t521
New York Yankees (2012). http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/fan_forum/fantasycamp.jsp
Newcombe, John (2012). http://www.tennisfantasies.net/
Norlander, M. (2012). Sensing there might be a market for it, UK opens up fantasy camp for adult fans. CBS Sports – Eye on College Basketball. Retrieved from http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/19269809/sensing-there-might-be-a-market-for-it-uk-opens-up-fantasy-camp-for-adult-fans
Pahigian, J. & O’Connell, K. (2004). The Ultimate Baseball Road-Trip: A Fan’s Guide to Major League Stadiums. Lyons Press.
Pro Camps (2012). http://www.procamps.com/
Ronca, D. (2012). How sports fantasy camps work. How Stuff Works – Adventure. Retrieved from http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/sports-fantasy-camp.htm
Rowe, H. (2012). Sports camp perfect gift for sports-crazed dad. ESPNW.com, June. Retrieved from http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8062875/sports-camp-perfect-gift-sports-crazed-dad
Simmons, M. (2012). http://gopurpleaces.com/custompages/Mens%20Basketball/2011-12%20Stats/Simmons%20Bskt%20Camp%2012.pdf
Swanson, B. (2011). Bobcats, Jordan host 2011 fantasy camp. Bobcats.com. Retrieved from http://www.nba.com/bobcats/fantasy_camps_110718.html.
Swinney, Dabo (2012). http://www.daboswinneyfootballcamp.com/
Tassiopoulosa D, & Haydamb N. (2007). Golf tourists in South Africa: A demand-side study of a niche market in sports Tourism. Tourism Manage. 29(5), 870-882.
Uscher, J. (2008). Grown-up fantasy camps. AARP. February. Retrieved from http://www.aarp.org/entertainment/leisure-activities/info-02-2008/grown-up_fantasy_camps.2.html
Wade, D. (2012). http://dwyanewadefantasycamp.com/
Watkins, S. (2012). Love college hoops? New fantasy camp concept gives insider look. Business Courier, April 13. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/blog/2012/04/coaches-benefit-from-basketball-camps.html?s=print
Wojciechowski, G. (2010). Scribe taught a lesson at K Academy. ESPN.com. Retrieved from http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/columns/story?columnist=wojciechowski_gene&id=5265474
Zullo, R. (2011). On-field fantasy: Athletic departments looking to bring in new money and deepen connections with fans are turning to a fun new idea – fantasy camps. Athletic Management, February/March. Retrieved from http://www.athleticmanagement.com/2011/02/26/on-field_fantasy/index.php

Source: Original. Information gathered from camp websites.

U.S. Sports Academy2020-10-06T08:27:18-05:00April 2nd, 2013|Contemporary Sports Issues, Sports Exercise Science, Sports Studies and Sports Psychology|Comments Off

Sport in the Magisterium of Benedict XVI

Bishop Josef Clemens

Philosophical Foundations of the Sporting Phenomenon

More than thirty years ago on June 1, 1978, at the start of the World Cup that was being held in Argentina (June 1 – 25, 1978) and was marked by bitter defeat for the Germans, the fifty year old Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger,already one year as Archbishop of Munich-Freising, explained the nucleus of his thought on soccer and sport in general in an interview on the Bavarian Radio program “Zum Sonntag” (Ordinariats-Korrespondenz, 1978; see also Pfister, 2006; Deutsche Tagespost, 1978; Benedetta, 2009).

I would like to use as a leitmotif of this investigation, this profound and original interview, in which the Cardinal and theologian offers a brief philosophical analysis of the modern phenomenon of sport and soccer in particular. This will help us to better understand the typically brief but numerous comments that Pope Benedict XVI has made about sport throughout his Pontificate.

It does not seem that Cardinal Ratzinger as head of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (1981-2005) dealt with the phenomenon of soccer or sport in general, but he did include this interview in an anthology of texts published in 1985 and also as Pope he permitted it to be included in a publication printed in 2005 (Ratzinger, 1985; see also Benedikt and Ratzinger, 2005; “Mitarbeiter der Wahrheit, Gedanken für jeden Tag,” 1992; Benedikt and Ratzinger 2009). All of this indicates the perennial value of these fundamental reflections on the phenomenon of modern sport.

The Attraction of the Sports Phenomenon

The first aspect that I would like to bring our attention to is that the Cardinal speaks of soccer as “a ‘global event’, that irrespective of boundaries, links humanity around the world in one and the same state of tension: in its hopes, its fears, its emotions and joys” (Ratzinger, 1992). This observation, made thirty years ago, is all the more valid today given the enormous expansion of soccer’s popularity around the world!

No other event on the planet is capable of involving so many people in a similar way than a professional sporting event and especially that of soccer.According to Cardinal Ratzinger, “this tells us that some primeval human instinct is at play here” and raises the question as to the source of the spell that this games exerts.

Pope Benedict XVI will show his appreciation for this universal dimension of the sporting phenomena with its potential to peacefully unite diverse nations and races of the earth.

Sport as “Play”

The pessimist will respond to the question of why sport is a universal phenomenon by saying that it is the same as the case with the ancient Rome, where panem et circenses, (bread and the circus games), constituted “the only meaning in life for a decadent society, which does not know any higher aspiration” (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis). But, even if we accept this explanation, we still would still remain with the question: “why is this game so fascinating that it remains equal with bread?” To answer this, we might look again to the past and see that the cry for bread and games was in reality the expression of “a longinge for the paradisal life – an escape from the wearisome enslavement of daily life.” In this context,the Cardinal reveals the profound sense of play as an activity that is totally free, without limits or constrictions, and both engages and fulfills all the energy of man. Consequently, play could be interpreted as a sort of effort to return to paradise: as an escape from the “wearisome enslavement of daily life” (aus dem versklavten Ernst des Alltags) for the free seriousness (freien Ernst) of something that should not be so and therefore it is beautiful. In this way, sport, in a certain sense, overcomes (überschreitet) daily life.

Besides this capacity to overcome ordinary life, play possesses – as we can see in children- another characteristic: that of being a school of life.Play symbolizes life itself and anticipates it in a way that is characterized by a free form manner.

Sport as a “School of Life”

According to this very original reflection of Cardinal Ratzinger, the fascination for soccer consists in the fact that it unites these two following aspects in a persuasive manner. First of all, it “compels man to exercise self-discipline,” so that he may gain control over himself, and through this control, self mastery. In turn, this self mastery leads to freedom. Soccer can also teach a disciplined cooperation with others (diszipliniertes Miteinander). In team play, one learns to insert their individuality into the service of the entire group. Sport unites people in a common goal: the success and failure of each one lies in the success and failure of everyone.

Sport can also teach fair play as the rules of the game, which all mutually obey, bind and unite the competitors together. The freedom of play- when play is according to the rules- becomes serious competition that is only resolved into the freedom of a finished game.

In watching a game, the spectator identifies himself with the game and the players. In this way, he feels himself a part of both the team play and the competition, participating in the player’s seriousness and in their freedom of action. The players become a symbol of his own life; and that works vice versa. The players know that the spectators are seeing themselves represented in them, being affirmed by them.

Threats to and Deviations to Sporting Activities

At the end of this interview, rich and dense in content, Cardinal Ratzinger discussed the temptations and dangers that threaten the world of sport. The goodness of the game can easily be spoiled by commercialism, which casts the grim pall of money over everything, and changes sport into an industry which can produce an unreal world of horrifying dimensions.

But this illusory world cannot exist when sport is based on positive values:as a training for life (Vorübung) and as a stepping over (Überschreitung) from our daily life in the direction of our lost Paradise. Both cases however require finding a discipline for freedom in order to train oneself to follow the rules of teamwork (Miteinander), of competition (Gegeneinander) and of self-discipline (Auskommen mit sich selbst).

After considering all of this, we can conclude that through sport something new about learning how to live can be gained. This is because sport makes some fundamentals of life visible: man does not live by bread alone. Yes, the material world is only the preliminary stage (Vorstufe) for the truly human,the world of freedom. But that freedom is based on rules, on the discipline of teamwork (Miteinander) and fair competition (Gegeneinander), independent of outward success or arbitrariness, and is thereby truly free. Sport as life…if we look at it more profoundly, the phenomenon of a football-crazy world can give us more than sheer entertainment.

Observations of Pope Benedict XVI Regarding Sport

We can now consider some observations that Pope Benedict XVI has made regarding soccer and sporting activity in a general way that have as their presupposition and foundation these reflections made thirty years earlier.

In addition to the numerous remarks about sport that the Holy Father has made in his greetings to pilgrims at the end of the Wednesday General Audiences and his Angelus messages, there are two speeches that he has delivered during two special audiences: one to the Austrian National Ski Team (October 6, 2007)(Benedict XVI, Insegnamenti, “Speech to the Austrian National Ski Team,” 2007) and the other to the participants of the World Swimming Championship (August 1, 2009) (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “ Speech to the participants of the World Swimming Championship,” 2009). As both speeches were addressed to the athletes themselves who were received by him, they offered the Holy Father the occasion to deal with the theme of sport more amply. To facilitate our analysis, I will subdivide his reflections into five points.

Virtues and Values Inherent to Sporting Activity

For consider the values inherent to sporting activity, the Holy Father’s speech to the Austrian ski team offers us an excellent program. Pope Benedict XVI observes that sports can help to foster basic virtues and values and offers an exemplary list: “perseverance, determination, spirit of sacrifice, internal and external discipline, attention to others, team work,solidarity, justice, courtesy, and the recognition of one’s own limits,and still others. These same virtues also come into play in a significant way in daily life and need to be continually exercised and practiced” (Benedict XVI, Insegnamenti, “Speech to the Austrian National Ski Team,” 2007; see also Insegnamenti, “Wednesday General Audience,” 2005; Insegnamenti, “Wednesday General Audience,” 2006; Insegnamenti, “Wednesday General Audience,” 2007; Insegnamenti, “Wednesday General Audience,” 2008; L’ Osservatore Romano, “Message with occasion of the Tour de France,” 2009).

While receiving the participants of the World Swimming Championship in August of 2009 in Rome, the Holy Father underlined again the potential values that are inherent to sporting efforts, this time enumerating a list from a complementary perspective:

“With your competitions you offer the world a fascinating spectacle of discipline and humanity, of artistic beauty and tenacious determination. You show what goals the vitality of youth can achieve when young people submit to the effort of a demanding training and are willing to accept numerous sacrifices and deprivations. All this is also an important lesson for life for your peers.… Sport, practiced with enthusiasm and an acute ethical sense, especially for youth become a training ground of healthy competition and physical improvement, a school of formation in the human and spiritual values,a privileged means for personal growth and contact with society&rdquo (Benedict XVI, L’ Osservatore Romano, “Speech to the participants of the World Swimming Championship,” 2009).

Athletes as “Role Models”

Speaking to these top level Austrian skiers, the Holy Father touched upon the fact that they are role models for the young people especially. “In fact, you, dear athletes, shoulder the responsibility –not less significant – of bearing witness to these attitudes and convictions and of incarnating them beyond your sporting activity into the fabric of the family, culture, and religion. In doing so, you will be of great help for others, especially the youth, who are immersed in rapidly developing society where there is a widespread loss of values and growing disorientation” (Benedict XVI, Insegnamenti, “Speech to the Austrian National Ski Team,” 2007).

And also in the above quoted speech to champion swimmers, he affirmed similarly: “Dear athletes, you are models for your peers, and your example can be crucial to them in building their future positively. So be champions in sports and in life!” (Benedict XVI, L’ Osservatore Romano, “ Speech to the participants of the World Swimming Championship,” 2009).

The Holy Father reminds these athletes that their “role as a champion” goes beyond the confines of their sport because their sporting activity becomes for many youth a model of a life of achievement and success. This brings with it a great responsibility because it can be a determining factor in one’s entire life project. In a time when exemplary personalities who the youth respect are lacking, the champion athlete indirectly becomes an “educator” as the young people look to them for guidance. Because of this, sporting ideals must permeate not only sport but life itself in order to be authentic and credible.

These considerations cause us to examine more closely an very important aspect for the Pontiff: the educational potential of sport and how it can contribute in confronting the growing “educational emergency” that is witnessed more in more in our time (Benedict XVI, L’ Osservatore Romano, “Letter to the Diocese of Rome,” 2009; see also L’ Osservatore Romano, “Address to the General Assembly of the Italian Bishops Conference,” 2008).

Sport as a Response to the Educational Emergency

In a Wednesday General Audience on January 9, 2008, the Holy Father greeted the directors and athletes of the level D Italian soccer league with thesewords: “May the game of soccer always be more of a means of teaching the values of honesty, solidarity and fraternity, especially among the younger generations” (Benedict XVI, Insegnamenti, “Greeting,Wednesday General Audience,” 2008).

I would like to recall another quote from the Holy Father which were directed to soccer students at a training club that forms part of the young scholastic sector of the Italian Soccer Federation (FIGC). At the end of the Sunday Angelus, Pope Benedict XVI made this appeal: “May sport be a gymnasium of true preparation for life” (Benedict XVI, Insegnamenti, “Greeting, Angelus,” 2005; see also Insegnamenti, “Greeting,” 2006).

On the occasion of the Pontifical Council for the Laity’s sport seminar (“Sport, education, faith: towards a new season for Catholic sport associations” 6-7 November 6-7, 2009), the Holy Father strongly accentuated in his message the educative value of sporting activity:“Sports have considerable educational potential in the context of youth and, for this reason, great importance not only in the use of leisure time but also in the formation of the person” (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “Message to Cardinal Stanislaw Rylko, President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, on occasion of the International Seminar of Study,” 2009; see also L’Osservatore Romano, “Speech to the participants of the World Swimming Championship,” 2009; L’Osservatore Romano, “Address to civil and political authorities in Prague,” 2009).

In the actual educational emergency, provoked by a unilateral and exaggerated demand for personal freedom, sport can assume an important role as a means to educate many young people. Sport can demonstrate- by means of its rules and team effort- that there is an undeniable need for discipline and a shared responsibility.

In this regard, the Holy Father, in his letter to the diocese of Rome on the theme of education recalled that: “If no standard of behavior and rule of life is applied even in small daily matters, the character is not formed and the person will not be ready to face the trials that will come in the future.The educational relationship, however, is first of all the encounter of two kinds of freedom, and successful education means teaching the correct use of freedom” (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “Letter to the Diocese of Rome,” 2009).

Sport represents an appropriate field for finding the right balance between freedom and discipline, which is perhaps the most delicate point in the task of education today. Many young people consider sport as a positive phenomenon in their life and easily undergo the rigor and fatigue that it implies as well as its rules. Especially in the case of soccer, we see how team work groups together the freedom of each individual and the need of respecting the rules for the benefit of the common good.

As we have seen -in the context of this formative process- the Holy Father counts much upon sports men and women to be “credible witnesses” of its virtue and values. In this sense, speaking to the General Assembly of the Italian Bishop’s Conference (May 29, 2008), where the Holy Father made explicit reference to the parish recreational centers, he noted:“… precisely the current educational emergency increases the demand for an education that truly is such: therefore, concretely speaking,educators who know how to be credible witnesses of these realities and of these values upon which it is possible to build both one’s personal existence and a common and shared project of life” (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “Address to the General Assembly of the Italian Bishop’s Conference,” 2008).

The Unifying and Pacifying Capacity of Sport

A fourth aspect to consider is sport’s capacity to unite people of different countries and races in friendly competition as is often attested with particular eloquence in the occasion of the Olympics or the World Cup.

At the end of a General Audience on September 22, 2005, the Holy Fatherspoke these words to a delegation of UEFA and the Italian Soccer Federation present with a numerous group of children in attendance from sixteen countries:“Dear friends, … may today’s manifestation be an occasion for you to renew your efforts so that sport can contribute to building a society that is distinguished by reciprocal respect, fairness in behavior, and solidarity among all races and cultures” (Benedict XVI, Insegnamenti, “Greeting, Wednesday General Audience,”2005).

Once more, after praying the Sunday Angelus on February 12, 2006, a few days before the winter Olympics in Turin, the Pope expressed his desire that“this great sports competition be imbued with the Olympic values of fairness, joy and fraternal relations and in doing so, contribute to fostering peace among peoples” (Benedict XVI, Insegnamenti, “Angelus Greeting,” 2006; see also Insegnamenti, “Angelus Greeting to the Interamnia World Cup,” 2007; Insegnamenti, “Wednesday General Audience,” 2008; Insegnamenti ,“ Wednesday General Audience,” 2007).

Also in his greeting to the participants in the 29th edition of the Summer Olympics in Beijing, the Holy Father placed the accentuation on the pacifying dimension of sport: “… I am following with deep interest this great sports event – the most important and anticipated in the world – and I warmly hope that it will offer the international community an effective example of coexistence among people of the most different provenances, with respect for their common dignity. May sports once again be a pledge of brotherhood and peace among peoples!” (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “Angelus, greeting with occasion of the forthcoming Olympic Games in Beijing,” 2008).

These considerations of the Holy Father want to recall that an excessive nationalism and racism are contrary to the ideals of sport (“Olympic values”) as they destroy this unifying and pacifying capacity. Especially the Olympic Games and the other global sporting events can easily miss this opportunity and become the occasion, as has happened in the past, for a display of power and superiority of one nation’s political system over another’s. In these cases, sport is not an occasion for uniting, but is in opposition to the entire peoples as well as to the single individual. The Holy Father does not only ask this from “others”, but he also directs this appeal in a particular way to groups within the Church, especially Catholic sport associations. Benedict XVI asks them to be active in promoting a balanced appreciation of sporting activity in conformance with the sporting ideal and a Christian vision of the human person.

The Contribution of the Church and Catholic Athletes

The greatest asset the Church has to offer to the world of sport is her own insights regarding the overall phenomenon of sport that is enriched by a vision of the human person rooted in Christian anthropology and also in the light of the faith (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “Message to Cardinal,” 2006).

For the Pope, sport is not simply the exercise of one’s physical qualities but rather something that regards the entire person. Along these same lines, in his speech to the Austrian skiers already quoted above, he affirms:

“Body, spirit and soul form a single unity and each component must be in harmony with the other. You know how necessary this interior harmony is in order to reach sporting goals at the highest levels. Consequently, even the most demanding sports must be rooted in a holistic view of the human person, recognizing his profound dignity and favoring an overall development and full maturity of the person. Otherwise, if sport is only focused on mere material performance, it will fall short of realizing its necessary social dimension. In the end, sporting activity must help one to recognize their own talents and capacities, their very efforts and their own very life as gifts that come from God. For this reason, sport should always have God our Creator as its ultimate point of reference. It is in this sense that the Apostle makes reference to sports competition in order to recall man’s highest calling: “Do you not know that the runners in the stadium all run in the race, but only one wins the prize? Run so as to win. Every athlete exercises discipline in every way. They do it to win a perishable crown, but we an imperishable one”(1Cor. 9: 24-25) (Benedict XVI, “Speech to Austrian National Ski Team,” 2007).

Speaking to the participant of the swimming championship, the Holy Father included in his speech a reflection on the transcendent dimension of the human person, bringing out the loftier aspects of our creaturely status and concluding with what could almost be considered a prayer of thanksgiving to God:

“Watching these swimming championships and admiring the results achieved make it easy to understand the great potential with which God has endowed the human body and the interesting objectives of perfection it is able to achieve. One then thinks of the Psalmist’s wonder who in contemplating the universe, praises the glory of God and the greatness of man: “when I behold your heavens”, we read in Psalm 8, “the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars that you have set in place what is man that you are mindful of him, or the son of man that you care for him?” (vv. 3-4). Then, how can one fail to thank the Lord for having endowed the human body with such perfection; for having enriched it with a beauty and harmony that can be expressed in so many ways?” (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “Speech to the participants of the World Swimming Championship,” 2009).

With respect to the many time quoted educational emergency, the Holy Father has pointed out those task that belong to the Church, especially to her pastors and the educational institutions and sport associations. It is significant that Pope Benedict XVI, during a meeting with the clergy of Rome, regarding the theme of the parish recreational center, had this to say:

“Of course, an after-school center where only games were played and refreshments provided would be absolutely superfluous. The point of an after-school catechetical and recreation center must be cultural, human and Christian formation for a mature personality. … I would say that this is precisely the role of such a center, that one not only finds possibilities there for one’s leisure time but above all for an integral human formation that completes the personality. Therefore, of course, the priest as an educator must himself have received a good training and must fit into today’s culture, and be deeply cultured if he is to help young people to enter a culture inspired by faith. I would naturally add that in the end, the central point of orientation in every culture is God, God present in Christ” (Benedict XVI, L’Osservatore Romano, “Meeting with Clergy of Rome,” 2009).

Along this very same line of thinking, in his message to our recent seminar of study (Vatican, November 6-7, 2009), he underlined this point:

“Through sports, the ecclesial community contributes to the formation of youth, providing a suitable environment for their human and spiritual growth. In fact, when sports initiatives aim at the integral development of the person and are managed by qualified and competent personnel, they provide a useful opportunity for priests, religious and lay people to become true and proper educators and teachers of life for the young.

In our time when an urgent need to educate the new generations is evident it is therefore necessary for the Church to continue to support sports for youth, making the most of their positive aspects also at competitive levels such as their capacity for stimulating competitiveness, courage and tenacity in pursuing goals. However, it is necessary to avoid every trend that perverts the nature of sports by recourse to practices that can even damage the body, such as doping. As part of a coordinated, formative effort, Catholic directors, staff and workers must consider themselves expert guides for youth, helping each of them to develop their athletic potential without obscuring those human qualities and Christian virtues that make for a fully mature person” (Benedict XVI, L’ Osservatore Romano, “ Message to Cardinal Stanislaw Rylko, President of the Pontificial Council for the Laity, on occasion of the International Seminar of Study,” 2009).

While acknowledging that not all athletes share the same vision of the human person down to its last detail, the Church would like to offer her assistance in furthering a more profound and integral vision of the sporting phenomenon, in order to avoid the error of valuing this beautiful, but penultimate, reality as the ultimate end supreme activity of man. This service could help to reduce the temptation to use in appropriate ways («unfair play», corruption) or means(«doping») that contradict the very essence of the nature of sport.

Some might be surprised to find these words of the Holy Father regarding sport, as their first impression might be that of considering Pope Benedict XVI distant from the world of sport, especially if we consider his lack of participation in sport during his youth (Ratzinger, 1998).

However, as we have been able to see, already as the young Archbishop of Munich he dedicated himself to this theme with a philosophically profound reflection, pointing out the potentiality of sport for the integral development of the person on the individual level and its capacities on the national and global levels.

Cardinal Ratzinger – and also as Pope Benedict XVI – inserting sporting activity into a broader anthropological context, sought to bring these debate out of a dead end path of pure entertainment or sterile self-autonomy. I myself was surprised to find that the Holy Father, in the first two and a half years of his pontificate (2005-2008) touched upon the theme of sport in various ways no less than fifty occasions (Insegnamenti di Benedict XVI, 2005-2008).

Nor is it purely a coincidence that it is during the Pontificate of Benedict XVI, that a delegation of the Holy See participates in an Olympic Congress-that of Copenhagen last October 3-5, 2009, with a reflection on the theme of «Olympic values». For, as we recalled elsewhere, the Servant of God, John Paul II in the beginning of the year 2004, instituted the section “Church and sport” to insure a more direct and systematic attention to the vast world of sport on the part of the Holy See. And as we have seen from the above reflections, during the Pontificate of Pope Benedict XVI, the interest and concern of the Universal Church to the vast world of sport continues as it seeks to dialogue with the renowned sports institutions at the international level while fostering a renewal of pastoral work in and through sports at the level.

References

Benedetta, T. (2009). Interview found at http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/discussione.aspx?idd=354533.

Benedict XVI (2005, September 21). Greeting, Wednesday General Audience. Insegnamenti I, 567.

Benedict XVI (2005, October 5). Wednesday General Audience. Insegnamenti , 636.

Benedict XVI (2005, December 18). Greeting, Angelus. Insegnamenti I, 567-1004.

Benedict XVI (2006). Greeting to representatives of the Venarotta Calcio Association. Insegnamenti II, 624.

Benedict XVI (2006, January 25). Greeting. Insegnamenti I, 105.

Benedict XVI (2006, February 8). Message to Cardinal. L’Osservatore Romano, 2.

Benedict XVI (2006, February 12). Angelus Greeting. Insegnamenti II, 180.

Benedict XVI (2007). Greeting to participants in the third “Festadello sportive.” Insegnamenti III, 426.

Benedict XVI (2007, July 8). Angelus Greeting of the Interamnia World Cup. Insegnamenti III, 32.

Benedict XVI, (2007, August 1). Wednesday General Audience. L’Osservatore Romano, 4.

Benedict XVI (2007, October 6). Speech to the Austrian National Ski Team. Insegnamenti III.

Benedict XVI (2008, January 8). Wednesday General Audience. Insegnamenti IV, 48.

Benedict XVI (2008, January 21). Letter to the Diocese of Rome. L’Osservatore Romano, 10-11.

Benedict XVI (2008, April 9). Wednesday General Audience greeting European Taekwondo. Insegnamenti IV, 546.

Benedict XVI (2008, May 7). Wednesday General Audience. Insegnamenti IV,732-734.

Benedict XVI (2008, June 4). Address to the General Assembly of the Italian Bishops Conference. L’Osservatore Romano, 5.

Benedict XVI (2008, August 6). Angelus, greeting with occasion of the forthcoming Olympic Games in Beijing. L’Osservatore Romano, 1.

Benedict XVI (2009, March 11). Meeting with Clergy of Rome. L’Osservatore Romano, 4.

Benedict XVI (2009, July 22). Message with occasion of the Tour de France. L’Osservatore Romano, 1.

Benedict XVI (2009, August 5). Speech to the participants of the World Swimming Championship. L’Osservatore Romano, 12.

Benedict XVI (2009, September 18-29). Address to civil and political authorities in Prague. L’Osservatore Romano, 5.

Benedict XVI (2009, November 18). Message to Cardinal Stanislaw Rylko, President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, on occasion of the International Seminar of Study. L’ Osservatore Romano, 5.

Benedikt XVI and Ratzinger, J. (2005). Gottes Glanz in unserer Zeit. Meditationen zum Kirchenjahr. Herder Press, 188-190.

Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis (cir. 55-127). Satire (10, 81).

Insegnamenti di Benedict XVI (2005-2008).

Mitarbeiter der Wahrheit, Gedanken für jeden Tag (1992). Naumann Press, 266.

Ordinariats-Korrespondenz, 1978. Archdiocese of Munich-Freising Bulletin (ok 03-15/78).

Pfister, P. (2006). Joseph Ratzinger und das Erzbistum München und Freising, Dokumente und Bilder aus kirchlichen Archiven, Beiträgen und Erinnerungen, in the collection: Schriften des Archivs des Erzbistum München und Freising, vol. 10, Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg, 313 s.

Ratzinger, J. (1992). Co-Workers of the Truth: Meditations for everyday of the year. Ignatius Press, San Francisco 1992, 262-263.

Ratzinger, J. (1998). Milestones: Memoirs 1927-1977. Ignatius Press, 25-26.

Ratzinger, J. K. (1985). Suchen, was droben ist. Meditationen das Jahrhindurch. Herder Press, 107-111.

Ratzinger, J. and Benedikt XVI, P. (2009). Das Werk: Bibliographisches Hilfsmittel zur Erschließung des literarisch-theologischen Werkes von Joseph Ratzinger bis zur Papstwahl. Sankt Ulrich Press, 191.

U.S. Sports Academy2016-04-01T09:10:26-05:00February 28th, 2013|Contemporary Sports Issues, Sports Exercise Science, Sports Management|Comments Off

Static Stretching Versus Dynamic Warm Up: The Effect on Choice Reaction Time as Measured by the Makoto Arena II

Amber Magner, Kristi Chatham, Brandon Spradley, Sutthanuch Wiriyapinit, William Price, Thad Akins

ABSTRACT

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine whether a dynamic warm up or static stretching had a greater impact on choice reaction time. Methods: Nine recreationally trained subjects (5 males, 4 females) performed single-step choice reaction time trials using the Makoto Arena II testing device, following either a dynamic warm up or static stretching protocol chosen at random for all participants. The static stretching (SS) and dynamic warm up (DWU) protocols the subjects performed lasted ten minutes in duration and were preceded with baseline testing of a sit and reach and a single-step choice reaction time trial. Results: Results of a dependent t-test (p < .05) on sit and reach indicated a significant difference for both baseline to SS (p = .007) and baseline to DWU (p = .000), but not when compared to each other, SS to DWU (p = .246). Dependent t-test results for choice reaction time showed significance(p < .05) for all three categories: baseline to SS (p = .023), baseline to DWU (p = .003) and SS to DWU (p = .009). However, it should be noted that although both SS and the DWU resulted in significance, the greatest difference in the speed for the choice reaction time was found with the baseline to DWU. Conclusion: DWU had a greater impact on a single step choice reaction time and thus should be considered as an element to be incorporated into any athletic training program to enhance athletic achievement.

INTRODUCTION

Prior to working out, training, or any physical activity, athletes typically will warm up the body in preparation for the activity to follow. Throughout the past couple of decades, warm up routines have evolved as more and more scrutiny has been leveled at training modalities in the pursuit of physical excellence.The possibility of improved performance is sought in supplements, training regimens, nutrition, and even the rest periods. Within the past couple of decades multiple studies addressed the effects standard stretching routines have on performance (2-4, 6, 8-10, 11, 13, 14). Because of the continuous quest for improvement through research, stretching and warming up are now effectively considered different modalities and are not just semantically different. Statics stretching (SS) is the more traditional form of preparation for physical activity while dynamic warm up (DWU) is a progressive buildup of the same physical movements required in the exercise the individual will be participating in. Past research has shown that DWUs will have more impact on power production, flexibility, and agility of the muscles while SS reduces explosive muscular output (2-4, 6, 8-10, 11, 13, 14). The research has overwhelmingly demonstrated in physical activity requiring short bursts of power and speed as opposed to long sustained muscle recruitment, a DWU should be utilized to improve athletic performance for multiple individual and team sports (1, 2, 4-6, 8, 9, 11-14). Although DWU has been demonstrated to improve speed and power, very little research has been done to show a DWU has the same effect with reaction time, and no research has utilized a single step choice reaction format. Our intent was to determine if the superiority of DWU versus SS in power production would also hold true for choice reaction time; thus making it much more applicable for sport training purposes. Multiple sport activities require the athlete to react quickly to a stimuli and the speed of the reaction can make a difference in being successful or failing. Therefore any method to enhance the ability to quickly assess and react to the stimuli should be addressed by the coaches in their efforts for attaining peak performance; thus presenting the need for research to study actual choice reaction and not just reaction from a force plate. Therefore with the convincing literature regarding DWU and SS, our hypothesis was that the DWU would produce a quicker choice reaction time as opposed to a traditional SS procedure. Due to the lack of literature in the area of actual choice reaction time it became apparent a pilot study needed to be conducted in order to develop an adequate methodology to allow for future research.

METHODS

Subjects

Subjects were recruited from the United States Sports Academy staff and students. The study included nine subjects, five males and four females, ages ranging from 24-56 years old. Each participant was recreationally active and gave informed consent. The subjects participated in a variety of sport backgrounds including basketball, volleyball, track and field, swimming, badminton, tennis, weightlifting and bowling. The study was approved by an Institutional Review Board for human subjects.

Study Design

Participants arrived and were given consent forms to review and sign. The Makoto Arena II was turned on and allowed time to heat up. Directions for all testing protocols were then explained in detail. Using the Sit & Reach box (Novel Products, Rockton Illinois) to measure flexibility, students were instructed to sit down on the floor with shoes off and put the base of their feet against the box. A researcher put a hand just above the subject’s knees to ensure the knees stayed flat. Subjects put one hand on top of the other one and extended over the box as far as they could reach. Measurements were taken at the tip of the middle finger when the subject was able to hold the stretch. Baseline sit and reach testing was completed in a non-stretched state and recorded in centimeters (cm). Subjects were allowed to do a practice trial and then performed an additional trial as their baseline. The subjects were then instructed to put shoes back on and move over to the Makoto Arena II for demonstration and explanation. The Makoto Arena II uses audio and/or visual cues to test choice reaction time. For the purposes of testing reaction time, a lateral single-step procedure that utilized two of the three towers was employed. Each subject stood behind a line that was exactly equal distance between the two towers and 1.2 m from the edge of the device. Subjects positioned their body in an athletic stance in preparation for movement. The subjects were then given the direction to take one step laterally and hit the target as quickly as possible with the same hand as the direction of the step. The target height was 122 cm from the floor (7). Each subject was given a few practice trials to ensure directions were adequately explained. Then scores were recorded until the participant had completed two tests stepping to their right and two tests stepping to their left to account for true athletic movement. The Makoto Arena II has built in software that both calculates the reaction speed and randomly selects the tower used for each trial; therefore each test had a fifty-fifty chance of being to the left or the right of the subject. Due to the randomness of the trials we settled on recording two scores stepping right and two stepping left for a minimum of 4 trials to ensure an accurate average of reaction time. By utilizing this procedure, no two subjects were alike and each subject had an equal number of trials recorded. Once baseline scores for both the sit and reach and the choice reaction tests were recorded, subjects randomly chose which set of stretches they would perform first by drawing sticks labeled with a D (dynamic) or S (static). Stretching protocols were explained for static and dynamic stretches. The duration for each protocol was 10 minutes. Static stretches were held for 12 seconds, and the same stretch was duplicated on the opposite limb being stretched. SS and DWU protocols are found in Tables 1 and 2. Time was kept using a stopwatch by one of the testers. Each stretch was independent and each subject determined their own levels of discomfort and stretch limitations. DWUs were performed downstairs in a fitness room, approximately 90 seconds from the human performance lab, therefore not impacting the effects of the DWU on the sit and reach or choice reaction tests. Following the SS or DWU protocols, the subjects returned and performed the sit & reach test. Measurements were taken following each testing procedure of SS and DWU and recorded on the subject’s data sheet. Once all subjects’ results were written down, researchers then repeated the same lateral one step choice reaction time testing protocol for each subject, following the second protocol of either SS or DWU, which was done on a separate day.

Statistical Analyses

Baselines for both the reaction time protocols and the sit and reach were analyzed against the two tests of SS and DWU. A timed measurement of the lateral single-step choice reaction time within the Makoto Arena II device was completed following a ten minute session of the SS or DWU protocol. The mean, mean difference, and standard deviation were then calculated for each variable. Dependent t-tests were used to compare the baseline reaction times to both reaction times following the SS protocol and the DWU protocol. An alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to establish significance. Sit and reach data analysis followed the same procedures mentioned above.

RESULTS

The mean and mean differences were calculations done manually by a calculator and the significance (p < .05) was found through the use of IBMSPSS Statistics 19 software. The means for sit and reach testing are as follows: baseline: 27.1 cm, SS: 30.4 cm, DWU: 32.0 cm. The mean differences were baseline to SS: -3.28cm, baseline to DWU: -4.89cm, and SS to DWU: -1.61 cm. Results indicated a significant difference for both baseline to SS (p = .007)and baseline to DWU (p = .000), but not when compared to each other, SS to DWU(p = .246). The mean for the baseline reaction time was .872 s, the mean following the SS protocol was .833 s and the mean following the DWU protocol was .796 s. The difference in the means for reaction time was baseline to SS:.039 s, baseline to DWU: .077 s, and SS to DWU: .038 s. Choice reaction testing for all three categories showed significance (p < .05): baseline to SS (p =.023), baseline to DWU (p = .003), and SS to DWU (p = .009). However, it should be noted that although both SS and the DWU resulted in significance, the greatest difference in the speed for the choice reaction time was found with the baseline to DWU. All results can be found in Tables 3 and 4.

DISCUSSION

At least one study has shown no effect on muscle force production (11), while the majority of studies have shown that a bout of SS produces an inhibitory effect on the contractile force production of a muscle (4,10,11,13). The studies reaching these conclusions were applied to outputs of power such as sprinting and agility drills. From these studies, we hypothesized that the same physiological responses affiliated with SS and DWU would produce similar results in a single-step choice reaction time. We hypothesized that a static stretch prior to a choice reaction timed test would not affect reaction time, whereas a DWU prior to testing would result in a quicker reaction time. Our hypothesis regarding the DWU was supported; however, the static stretching also produced a quicker time compared to the baseline choice reaction time. Results taken from the sit and reach test also showed a significant improvement for both SS and the DWU. From our findings, since both the SS and DWU produced an increase in flexibility from a non-stretched to post stretching protocol, the theory of stretched muscle fibers inhibiting muscle contraction force and thus reaction time is not fully supported. To account for both the SS and DWU producing a faster choice reaction time, there must be some other form of physiological adaptation occurring. It is possible that the concept of postactivation potentiation (PAP), which is defined by Behm and colleagues (2004) as an increase in the efficiency of the muscle to produce submaximal force after a voluntary contraction (4) is the rationale for both protocols producing positive effects. It is possible that the duration of the SS protocol was not long enough to inhibit the force-producing cross bridges that may develop with lower frequency stimulation but enough of a stimulation to actually form a greater number of these cross bridges, which would then result in an ability to create more force similar to the DWU (4). Because the DWU had a greater effect on increasing the choice reaction time than the SS we can infer that a DWU as opposed to a simple static stretch routine for a typical warm up for sports participation would be of a greater benefit. However, a short duration of SS coupled with a DWU certainly would not inhibit performance. Although the results support our hypothesis because this was a pilot study with a diverse and limited number of participants it cannot be generalized. Further research with a larger participant pool of males and females; trained and untrained athletes of varying sports would need to be tested under similar conditions to reach conclusive evidence.

CONCLUSION

The same physiological factors a DWU produces for speed, namely greater force of the muscle contraction, is also prominent with choice reaction time. In this small pilot study a one-step choice reaction utilizes the same physiology of muscle force production as a sprint; the effects of a DWU are similar, resulting in a quicker choice reaction time when compared to a standard static stretch protocol. Therefore those professionals responsible for preparing athletes in sports requiring quick reactions might want to consider incorporating a DWU as part of the athlete or teams’ development and preparation. Since this study was so limited in participants we suggest future research test entire athletic teams of males and females in sports dependent on reaction times. These teams should range in ages and skill level from interscholastic to the professional levels. With this larger pool of participants this hypothesis would be tested adequately allowing for the results to be more generalized, till then it is simply a pilot study with too few participants to conclusively generalize the results.

APPLICATION TO SPORT

Athletes at all levels are trying to develop and gain an edge in their performance, with sports that require a quick explosive movement, a few tenths of a second can mean the difference in getting to the ball first, blocking an attempt at a goal, digging a spike; the difference between success and failure. Personnel responsible for preparing athletes whether it is the coach, the strength coach, or a trainer must be cognizant of how to best prepare for training or competition. The warm up has become a critical component of preparation for athletes and teams dependent on quick, explosive, and reactive movements. Unlike a static stretching protocol, DWU’s has been shown to enhance and better prepare athletes for performance by not stretching the muscles past the point where they can quickly recoil and exert their maximal force. The DWU incorporates an increase in body temperature as well as functional stretching of the muscles. This state of higher body temperature and a slightly stretched muscle has demonstrated better speed and agility times. Therefore, athletes and coaches responsible for their preparation should be utilizing a DWU as a part of their daily training protocol for better athletic performance.

REFERENCES

1. Aguilar, A. J., DiStefano, L. J., Brown, C. N., Herman, D. C., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Padua, D. A. (2012). A dynamic warm-up model increases quadriceps strength and hamstring flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(4), 1130-1141.

2. Alpkaya, U., & Koceja, D. (2006). The effects of acute static stretching on reaction time and force. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(2), 147-150.

3. Amiri-Khorasani, M., Sahebozamani, M., Tabrizi, K., & Yusof, A.(2010). Acute effect of different stretching methods on illinois agility test in soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,24(10), 2698-2704.

4. Behm, D., Bambury, A., Cahill, F., & Power, K. (2004). Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time and movement time.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(8), 1397-1402.

5. Chaouachi, A., Castagna, C., Chtara, M., Brughelli, M., Turki, O., Galy,O., Chamari, K., & Behm, D. (2010). Effects of warm-ups involving static or dynamic stretching on agility, sprinting, and jumping performance in trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(8),2001-2011.

6. Gabrett, T., Sheppard, J., Pritchard-Peschek, K., Leveritt, M., &Aldred, M. (2008). Influence of closed skill and open skill warm-ups on the performance of speed, change of direction speed, vertical jump, and reactive agility in team sport athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1413-1415.

7. Hoffman, J., Kang, J., Ratamess, N., Hoffman, M., Tranchina, C., &Faigenbaum, A. (2009). Examination of a pre-exercise, high energy supplement on exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(2)

8. Kistler, B., Walsh, M., Horn, T., & Cox, H. (2010). The acute effects of static stretching on the sprint performance of collegiate men in the 60- and 100-m dash after a dynamic warm up. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2280-2284.

9. Makaruk, H., Makaruk, B., & Kedra, S. (2008). Effects of warm-up stretching exercises on sprint performance. Physical Education and Sport, 52, 23-26.

10. McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S., & Taylor, D. C.(2006). Dynamic vs. static- stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 492-499.

11. Perrier, E. T., Pavol, M. J., & Hoffman, M. A. (2011). The acute effects of warm-up including static or dynamic stretching on counter movement jump height, reaction time, and flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(7), 1925-1931.

12. Roca, J. (1980). Effects of warming-up on reaction time and movement in the lower extremities. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11(3), 165-171.

13. Sayers, A., Farley, R., Fuller, D., Jubenville, C., & Caputo, J.(2008). The effect of static stretching on phases of spring performance in elite soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1416-1421.

14. Yamaguchi, T., Ishii, K., Yamanaka, M., & Yasuda, K. (2007). Acute effects of dynamic stretching exercise on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1238-1244.

TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1

Static Stretches	Stretch Hold = 12 seconds	10 minutes
Standing was completed prior to moving onto seated stretches followed by the stomach
Standing Stretches	Sitting Stretches	Laying on Stomach
Double Leg hamstring & gluteus. Feet together, bend over at the waist keeping back straight	Double leg hamstring & gluteus stretch- seated keep back of knees on ground and bend at the waist forward reaching to touch toes	Quadriceps stretch- with right hand grasp the heel of right leg and pull to gluteus. Switch to left hand and left leg
Single Leg hamstring and gluteus – right leg over left leg & left leg over right leg, bend at the waist keeping back straight	Single leg hamstring & gluteus- bend right leg to the inside of left leg, leaving left leg straight in front, bend at waist forward to touch toes. Repeat procedure with left leg bent and right forward	Outer quadriceps stretch- with right hand grasp foot of left leg and pull to gluteus. Switch to left hand and right leg.
Legs spread wide- (right, left & center) Bend at the waist, keeping back straight not rounded.	Butterfly stretch- bend knees so that feet are sole to sole in front of body, place elbows on inside of both legs & press down gently
Quadriceps stretch- leg bent behind try to pull heel to gluteus. Right hand right leg, left hand left leg.	Legs spread out wide in front of body- bend at the waist trying to touch toes. Lean to the right, lean to the left and lastly forward or center
Outer quadriceps stretch- leg bent behind try to pull heel to gluteus. Right hand to left leg, left hand to right leg.	Butterfly stretch- bend knees so that feet are sole to sole in front of body, place elbows on inside of both legs & press down gently
Gastrocnemius stretch- standing with hands pressed against wall & lower body angled away from wall, both feet, then right foot, followed by left foot.	Gluteus stretch- in seated position with bent knee place right leg over the outstretched left leg. With both arms pull the bent knee to your chest, switch sides.

Table 2

Dynamic stretch/ warm ups
Enclosed room length of 44 feet
Order performed:
Jog	down & back 2x
Back pedal
Jog down	back pedal back
Skipping	down & back 2x
High knees	down & back 2x
Butt kicks	down & back
High knees down	butt kicks back
Skipping	down & back 2x
Carioca	down & back 2x (also known as grapevine)
Walking sumo squats	down & back
Defensive slides	down & back
Frankenstein walks	down & back
Heel walks/toe walks	down & back respectively – 2x
Wall assisted leg throws – facing wall	10 rt. leg
Wall assisted leg throws – side to wall	10 rt. leg
Frankenstein – keeping legs straight swing one at a time high up in front with your hands stretched out and chest high	10 rt. leg

Table 3

CHOICE REACTION TIME (Measured in seconds)
PAIRS	N	MEAN	MEAN DIFFERENCE	SD	P
Pair 1 Baseline	9	.872	.039	.090	.023
Static	9	.833		.079
Pair 2	9	.872	.077	.090	.003
Baseline	9	.796		.073
Dynamic
Pair 3	9	.833	.038	.079	.009
Static	9	.796		.073
vs. Dynamic

Table 4

SIT & REACH
SR= Sit and Reach
Measured in centimeters (cm)
PAIRS	N	MEAN	MEAN DIFFERENCE	SD	P
Pair 1	9	27.1	-3.28	7.69	.007
Baseline SR	9	30.4		7.77
Static SR
Pair 2	9	27.1	-4.89	7.69	.000
Baseline SR	9	32.0		5.94
Dynamic SR
Pair 3	9	30.4	-1.61	7.77	.246
Static SR vs.	9	32.0		5.94
Dynamic SR

U.S. Sports Academy2013-11-22T22:38:26-06:00December 21st, 2012|Sports Coaching, Sports Exercise Science|Comments Off

Effect of Acute Massage on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness

Shawn M. Drake, PT, PhD, Shane Keating, PT, ATC, Joseph Weir, PhD, FACSM, Malcolm T. Whitehead, PhD.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute massage on delayed-onset muscle soreness. A total of 20 subjects (5 men and 15 women; mean age 24 ± 3 years; height 1.7 ± 0.1 m; weight 71 ± 1.4 kg) were randomly assigned to either a massage treatment (MAS, n = 8) or control (CON, n = 12) group. Following preliminary data collection, muscle soreness was induced to both groups using identical protocols. The MAS group received a 10 min massage immediately following the muscle soreness protocol where the CON group did not. Data collected included signals from electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), perceived muscles soreness, muscle circumference, and muscle torque. Data were collected for each subject prior to and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 following the intervention. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in the research variables between the groups with p ≤ 0.05. A significant interaction was noted in MMG frequency during isokinetic muscle actions but all other data showed no significant interactions. Based on these data massage may not be beneficial following exercise that induces delayed onset muscle soreness.

(more…)

U.S. Sports Academy2016-10-20T12:04:11-05:00December 18th, 2012|Sports Exercise Science|Comments Off

The Kinematics of the Return of Serve in Tennis: The Role of Anticipatory Information

Jan Carboch, Chris Button and Vladimir Süss

Abstract

Visual anticipatory information from early periods of ball flight is thought necessary to intercept the ball in many sports. This study analyzed the temporal characteristics of returning a tennis serve by manipulating the amount of visual information available to the receiver. The movements of tennis players receiving ‘serves’ were measured on court. Participants received serves when playing against a ball machine or an actual server during full vision conditions and also during partial vision occlusion (i.e., early ball flight, second third, last third of ball projection). We measured the moment of the receiver’s movement initiation; the back swing duration; and the forward swing duration. There were no consistent differences in these movement characteristics between the ball machine and the server up to the projection speed of 125 km.hr-1. There were differences in the duration of the forward swing during the partial vision conditions. Initiation of the forward swing occurred earlier and the swing duration was increased when the first third of ball flight was occluded. Important anticipatory information about when to initiate the forward swing is present during the first third of ball flight. When receiving moderately fast serves up to 125 km.hr-1, the receiver does not appear to use information from the server’s action to modify the timing of their response.

(more…)

U.S. Sports Academy2016-10-20T15:23:30-05:00November 26th, 2012|Sports Exercise Science, Sports Studies and Sports Psychology|Comments Off